CS101 ALL SHORT QUESTIONS SOLVED
(LECTURE 1 TO 45)
What is Cyber Crime? 
Crimes committed with the use of computers or relating to computers, 
especially through the Internet. Universally, Cyber Crime is understood as 
"an unlawful act where in the computer is either a tool or a target or both". 
Cyber Crimes are different from conventional crimes as in cyber crimes; the 
crime is committed in an electronic medium and here mens rea is not a 
requirement but is rather a general rule under the penal provisions of the 
Information Technology Act. The element of mens rea in Internet crimes is 
that the offender must have been aware at the time of causing the computer 
to perform the function that the access thus intended to be secured was 
unauthorized. 
What are the classification of Cyber Crime? 
Tampering with computer source documents: Hacking: Publishing of 
information, which is obscene in electronic form Accessing protected system Breach of confidentiality and privacy 
What is the use of charAt(n) function? 
CharAt(n) function returns the character at n+1 location in the string on 
which this method is applied. For example,Let Name is a string variable that contains value saad,then Name.CharAt(3) will return character d . 

Tell me about Split ( delimiter ) string's property? 
Splint function returns an array of strings, created by splitting string into substrings, at delimiter boundaries. 
What is the word "Plug-in" means? 
In the early '90s, the Internet really started to take off in popularity, and the 
number of Web sites skyrocketed. There was suddenly a wide variety of 
people producing Web pages, and they had all sorts of multimedia content 
they wanted to be able to include. Rather than trying to change browsers to 
recognize and display these many different forms of content, Web 
innovators launched the idea of browser plug-ins. Plug-ins are programs that 
work with your browser to read and play a certain type of file. They are 
relatively small pieces of software, so it doesn't take users forever to 
download them off the Internet. They are specifically designed to work with 

a particular type of file, so they can accomplish a lot of things that a basic browser can't. 

Can you tell me when a function calls itself what is this called? 
It is called "recursive call of a function".When function is called within 
itself, it is called recursion or recursive call. The ability of a routine to call 
itself is called recursion. Recursion enables certain algorithms to be 
implemented with small, simple routines, but it does not guarantee speed or 
efficiency. Erroneous use of recursion can cause a program to run out of 
stack space during execution, causing the program, and sometimes the entire system, to crash. 

Decribe the ways of calling function? 
There are two ways to call a function. 1) A function call appearing as a 
complete statement. It happens where function doesn't return a value. 2) A 
function call appearing as part of a statement. Definitions of such functions 
include a ‘return’ statement. It happens where function returns a value. 

Tell me about OnFocus and OnBlur. 
onBlur - form element loses focus or when a window or frame loses focus. 
2) onFocus - window, frame, frameset or form element receives focus. In first case, event will occur when element will loose the focus. In second case, event will occur when element will receive focus. 

What is the use of MsAcess? 
MS Access is a Data Base Management System(DBMS) by Microsoft.A 
DBMS is a software package by which you can develop a database.You can insert,delete and update data into that database.You can develop reports and forms too. 

have confusion in concepts of 3-D and 2-D. 
2D Graphics means showing graphics in two axis. Most of the graphics you see are 2D Graphics. 3D Graphics means showing Graphics in 3 axis. 
How does RuleBased system work ? 
Rule based Systems are based on the principles of the logical reasoning and ability of human. Components of an RBS: -Rulebase -Working memory -
Rule interpreter Robotics 

What are Robotics? 
Automatic machines that perform various tasks that were previously done by humans. Example: -Pilot-less combat airplanes -Land-mine hunters -
Autonomous vacuum-cleaners 
How can I add sound effects in my presentation? 
You select the object on which you want to have a sound effect and then 
right click and you will see an option "Action Settings" ,click on it and then select a sound from list given. 
Tell me about PowerPoint(PP),which is the part of Multimedia.Would you compare it with other Multimedia like flash? 
PowerPoint (PP) is intended to produce desktop presentations (e.g., driving a slide Projector) or to produce actual film slides (using a film recorder); it is Not a tool for Web presentations. If you have a lot of presentations already In PP, you may be forced to try its HTML export features, may have 
problems with the resulting HTML (large file sizes, lots of garbage tags, 
poor image quality). If you're fortunate enough to be starting from scratch, 
you're better to stick with a tool designed and optimized specifically for the Web. Flash is used to prepare presentations, games, animations so it is much powerful tool than Microsoft PowerPoint. 
I have confusion about open source and firmware. 
Open Source Software’s are available with their source code. Many are 
available on internet, for example, very famous Operating System LINUX is open source i.e. its source is available. Firmware is software embedded in the chips, for example, Programs in BIOS etc. 

Tell me about interface? 
Interface is the point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity, such as a printer or human operator. 
What is "Kernel"? Give me some suitable example. 
The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core 
that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. A 
synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost 
part of an operating system that interacts with user commands. Kernel and 
shell are terms used more frequently in Unix operating systems than in IBM 
mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems. Typically, a kernel (or any 
comparable center of an operating system) includes an interrupt handler that

handles all requests or completed I/O operations that compete for the 
kernel's services, a scheduler that determines which programs share the 
kernel's processing time in what order, and a supervisor that actually gives 
use of the computer to each process when it is scheduled. A kernel may also 
include a manager of the operating system's address spaces in memory or 
storage, sharing these among all components and other users of the kernel's 
services. 
Tell me about Processor Management and some simple example. 
The heart of managing the processor comes down to two related issues: 1) Ensuring that each process and application receives enough of the 
processor's time to function properly. 2) Using as many processor cycles for real work as is possible 
What are MVS & VMS? 
MVS is an operating system for mainframe computers. Both VMS and MVS are multi-user operating systems. 

What is the meaning of GUI-based? 
GUI (Graphical User Interface) based system facilitates the user to interact with computer graphically like use of windows. 
Tell me about the bit-mapped or raster images. 
A bitmapped image file contains a rectangular map of the image's pixels 
(bits) where each pixel is located, and what color it is. A bitmapped image 
can contain a specific maximum number of colors, depending on how much 
file space is allocated for the color data: 256 colors for an 8-bit image, 65+ 
thousand for a 16-bit image, and 16+ million colors for a 24-bit image. Not 
surprisingly, the larger the number of colors, the larger the file size. A raster 
image file is generally defined to be a rectangular array of regularly sampled 
values, known as pixels. Each pixel (picture element) has one or more 
numbers associated with it, generally specifying a color which the pixel 
should be displayed in. 
What is word processing and desktop top publishing? 
The art and science of converting written information into a form that looks pleasing when printed is called Word Processing. A combination of word 
processing and graphic design is called Desktop Publishing. Used to develop elegant documents -Examples: •Adobe PageMaker •Quark Press •Corel 
Ventura •MS Publisher 

What is the difference between java & java script? 
Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed 
environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of 
the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object-
oriented programming model. Java can be used to create complete 
applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among 
servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small 
application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it 
possible for a Web page user to interact with the page. JavaScript is an 
interpreted programming or script language from Netscape. In general, script 
languages are easier and faster to code in than the more structured and 
compiled languages such as C and C++. Script languages generally take 
longer to process than compiled languages, but are very useful for shorter 
programs. JavaScript is used in Web site development to do such things as: 
1) Automatically change a formatted date on a Web page 2) Cause a linkedto page to appear in a popup window 3) Cause text or a graphic image to change during a mouse rollover 
What is the difference between "Object based Language" and "Object Oriented Language"? 
Object oriented language supports inheritance, polymorphism etc, while 
object based don't. Object based languages use objects having their attributes / properties which can be modified according to our requirements 
What is the difference b/w "Programming" & "Scripting"? 
Computer programming is a term to develop programs using some 
programming language. Computer Programming which makes the site work called script/programs which for example: call data from databases; make mailing systems work and control the content of the site. 

I could not understand the execution of code in languages. 
A program or software is developed by writing the code using some 
programming language, when completed then executed (to perform what is required) to test / implement that program or software. 

What is the meaning of integration testing? 
Integration testing is a logical extension of unit testing. In its simplest form, 
two units that have already been tested are combined into a component and 
the interface between them is tested. A component, in this sense, refers to an 

integrated aggregate of more than one unit. In a realistic scenario, many 
units are combined into components, which are in turn aggregated into even 
larger parts of the program. The idea is to test combinations of pieces and 
eventually expand the process to test your modules with those of other 
groups. 

Why JavaScript variables are dynamically typed? 
Dynamically typed variables can hold any type of data and it could contain data of different type midway of program. It is simple to develop for short programs. As your question is concerned, I would like to say that each programming language has its own features depending on the requirements of the tasks for which that particular language is developed. 
Explain Band Width. 
Bandwidth has a general meaning of how much information can be carried in a given tim period (usually a second) over a wired or wireless 
communications link. In digital systems, bandwidth is expressed as bits (of data) per second (bps). 
What are protocols? Define these with some examples. 
A set of rules or standards designed to enable computers to connect with one another and to exchange information with as little error as possible. 

Please tell me what is Arguments of function? 
When a function is called by a caller then sometimes it is required to pass 
some values to function so that function receive these and process those to 
perform its function. When a function is called, the arguments in the call are 
mapped to the arguments specified in the function definition on a one-to-one 
basis 
I have some confusion in the server definition. 
server 1) In general, a server is a computer program that provides services to 
other computer programs in the same or other computers. 2) The computer 
that a server program runs in is also frequently referred to as a server 
(though it may contain a number of server and client programs). 3) In the 
client/server programming model, a server is a program that awaits and 
fulfills requests from client programs in the same or other computers. A 
given application in a computer may function as a client with requests for 

services from other programs and also as a server of requests from other programs. 

What are utilities, device drivers and what are their functions? 
Utilities are small software’s which are used in daily routine of computers for example Picture viewer, Hard Disk Formatter, Wallpaper Changer etc. Device Drivers are software’s which are necessary for a device to function properly, for example, Sound Card drivers etc 

What are CGI and ASP scripts? 
(Common Gateway Interface) -- A set of rules that describe how a Web 
Server communicates with another piece of software on the same machine, and how the other piece of software (the 'CGI program') talks to the web 
server. Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard. Usually a CGI program is a small 
program that takes data from a web server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail message, or turning the data into a database query. CGI "scripts" are just scripts which use CGI. ASP is also scripting language to develop scripts. 
What is an "Interpreted" language? 
An interpreted program, sometimes called a script, is a program whose instructions are actually a logically sequenced series of operating system commands, handled one at a time by a command interpreter. An interpreted language supports interpreted programming. 
What is the use of SDLC? 
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of 
developing information systems through a multi step process from 
investigation of initial requirements through analysis, design, 
implementation and maintenance. There are many different models and 
methodologies, but each generally consists of a series of defined steps or 
stages. 

Explain FTP & SMTP? 
FTP, a client-server protocol which allows a user on one computer to 
transfer files to and from another computer over a TCP/IP network. Also the 
client program the user executes to transfer files. One of the most useful 
services of the Internet is FTP. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 
delivers mail. The Distinct SMTP combined with the MIME component 

allows you to automate the encoding and sending of e-mail attachments. The SMTP component provides an interface to the mail delivery service, 
including the option of connecting via a firewall proxy server. An 
application may use SMTP to send notification, such as a report detailing 
logins to a secure system or information about hits on the company's web 
site, to a user via e-mail. 
What is VPN? 
A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a public telecommunication 
infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual 
users with secure access to their organization's network. A virtual private 
network can be contrasted with an expensive system of owned or leased 
lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to 
provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower 
cost. A VPN works by using the shared public infrastructure while 
maintaining privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols 
such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). In effect, the protocols, 
by encrypting data at the sending end and decrypting it at the receiving end, 
send the data through a "tunnel" that cannot be "entered" by data that is not 
properly encrypted. An additional level of security involves encrypting not 
only the data, but also the originating and receiving network addresses. 
What is point 2 point topology? 
The P2P acronym technically stands for "peer-to-peer" computer 
networking. Webopedia defines P2P as "A type of network in which each 
workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving the others.” 
What are bitmap graphics and vector graphics and difference between them? 
In Vector Graphics A shape maintains its identity i.e. it doesn't mix in other shapes. Shapes of Vector Graphics are independent of Resolution. Size of Vector Graphics files is very small. In bitmap Graphics A shape does not maintain its identity i.e. it is mixed in other shapes. Shapes of Vector 
Graphics are not independent of Resolution i.e. they lose quality on different resolution. Size of Vector Graphics files is not much small. 
What is WYSIWYG and WIMP interface? 
A WYSIWYG (pronounced "wiz-ee-wig") editor or program is one that 
allows a developer to see what the end result will look like while the 
interface or document is being created. WYSIWYG is an acronym for "what 

you see is what you get". A WYSIWYG editor can be contrasted with more 
traditional editors that require the developer to enter descriptive codes (or 
markup) and do not permit an immediate way to see the results of the 
markup. The first true WYSIWYG editor was a word processing program 
called Bravo. Invented by Charles Simonyi at the Xerox Palo Alto Research 
Center in the 1970s, it became the basis for Simonyi's work at Microsoft and 
evolved into two other WYSIWYG applications called Word and Excel. The 
acronym WIMP stands for Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device 

What is the difference between "Compiler" and "Interpreter"? 
A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a 
particular programming language (source code) and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Compiler converts the source code into object code only once. It doesn’t need every time this 
conversion while execution. Interpreter does the same thing but it converts the code line by line each time while executing the program. 
What is the purpose of switch statement as we have IF conditional statement. 
If and switch statements are used to perform particular tasks against one or 
more conditions. We use switch statement, If the action to be taken of the 
value of a single variable (or a single expression). In this case, we normally 
know the expected values of variable or expression. We use the ‘if...else’ 
structure, when the action depends on the values of multiple variables (or 
expressions). 
What is simple meaning of loop? What is the concept behind the "while" and "for" loop structures? 
Loop is a sequence of instructions that repeats either a specified number of 
times or until a particular condition prevails. We use for loop to repeat a task 
to some specified numbers, on the other hand we use while loop, for some 
condition 
What is the meaning of "thumb rule"? 
Meaning According to a rough and ready rule. Description A rule of thumb is an easy-to-remember guideline that isn't necessarily a hard-and-fast rule or scientific formula but it's more than just a dumb guess. For centuries rule of thumb has been used as an estimated measurement by many craftsmen 
including carpenters, brewers, and tailors. 

Tell me about heuristics is it experience or general judgment which is gotten after long period of working am I right? 
Heuristics is the application of experience-derived knowledge to a problem. 

What is difference between Design and Architecture? 
The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure 
or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the 
externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships 
among them. By "externally visible" properties, we are referring to those 
assumptions other components can make of a component, such as its 
provided services, performance characteristics, fault handling, shared 
resource usage, and so on. The intent of this definition is that a software 
architecture must abstract away some information from the system 
(otherwise there is no point looking at the architecture, we are simply 
viewing the entire system) and yet provide enough information to be a basis 
for analysis, decision making, and hence risk reduction. First, architecture 
defines components. The architecture embodies information about how the 
components interact with each other. This means that architecture 
specifically omits content information about components that does not 
pertain to their interaction 

What is the function of array and also describe the compound statement. 
Array is an indexed list of element and used to store multiple values. 
Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution of other statements in some way. 
What is the function of HUB if more than one computer tries to communicate simultaneously? 
Such situation in a network is called collision. .Different protocols avoid collision in different ways. For example, in token ring protocol, which computer has a token only that can send message to others, so only one computer can send data at one time. 

What is the difference between the application & system softwares? 
System software is program that generally performs the background tasks in 
a computer. These programs, many times, talk directly to the Hardware e.g. 
Operating system software, Device drivers while Application software are 
programs that generally interact with the user to perform work that is useful 
to the user. These programs generally talk to the hardware through the 
assistance of system software e.g., scientific, business application 

What are the main utilities of forms? 
Forms are used to get / post user data. This data could be either required by the website (e.g. order taking form) or user request (e.g. use of search 
engine). These help in passing the variables to the other page. 

How I can introduce button for browsing? 
You can bring the browse button by setting the Type property of the Input tag to "File" like this Input type=File 
What is batch mode? 
In batch mode, computers take data and keep on processing it and require no interaction by the user. Daily life example of this is Printing press machine that takes a plate and then keep on printing the papers. 

What is batch file? 
A batch file is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a 
computer operating system. It's called a batch file because it batches 
(bundles or packages) into a single file a set of commands that would 
otherwise have to be presented to the system interactively from a keyboard 
one at a time. A batch file is usually created for command sequences for 
which a user has a repeated need. Commonly needed batch files are often 
delivered as part of an operating system. You initiate the sequence of 
commands in the batch file by simply entering the name of the batch file on a command line. 
Why we use algorithm and what is its practical use? 
Once we find an algorithm for solving a problem, we do not need to re-
discover it the next time we are faced with that problem •Once an algorithm is known, the task of solving the problem reduces to following (almost 
blindly and without thinking) the instructions precisely •All the knowledge required for solving the problem is present in the algorithm 

What is the Spaghetti Design Methodology ? 
Spaghetti Design Methodology is unstructured programming technique. It doesn’t have any sense, structure, design and discipline. It’s very hard to 
maintain as well as enhance them. It’s so popular the reason behind it is that it doesn’t need any extra effort, programming knowledge and skills. So 
that’s why it’s so common. 

Tell me about Prompt and Instance of an object. 
Instance is an object, in object-oriented programming, in relation to the class 
to which it belongs. For example, an object myList that belongs to a class 
List is an instance of the class List. In command-driven systems, one or 
more symbols that indicate where users are to enter commands. For instance, 
in MS-DOS, the prompt is generally a drive letter followed by a greater than 
symbol (C>). 
How can we differentiate between DIMM and SIMM? 
DIMM (dual in-line memory module), a small circuit board that holds 
memory chips. A single in-line memory module (SIMM) has a 32-bit path to the memory chips whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path. 
What does FPU mean? 
A floating point unit (FPU), also known as a numeric coprocessor, is a 
microprocessor or special circuitry in a more general microprocessor that 
manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic microprocessor your 
computer uses. It does so by having a special set of instructions that focus 
entirely on large mathematical operations. A floating point unit is often built into today's personal computers, but it is needed only for special applications such as graphic image processing or display. Personal computers that don't have floating point units can sometimes handle software that requires them by installing a floating point emulator. 

Is Micro-controller resembles with ROM? 
ROM means that the instructions inside that chip is only readable, it can not be modified. So in this sense these microcontrollers are ROM. Otherwise Microcontrollers are just as Microprocessors 
How does heat sink works? 
Heat Sink takes the heat from Microprocessor and spreads it in the environment so heat is not gathered over Processor. 

Who was first programmer of the computer,and what progamme does he desigened? 
World's first programmer was Ada Byron who write a program for Analytical engine of Babbage. 
What is search engine? 

A search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A spider 
(also called a "crawler") that goes to every page or representative pages on 
every Web site that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links 
on each page to discover and read a site's other pages A program that creates 
a huge index (sometimes called a "catalog") from the pages that have been 
read. A program that receives your search request, compares it to the entries 
in the index, and returns results to you Search engine is a computer program 
which try to find new web pages on the web and if it found any term and key 
word which is new, it just store this key word or term into its index list and 
the address of the corresponding web site. www.google.com is an example 
of search engine. 

What is the working of HTTP in our world wide web? 
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol (rules to follow during communication) used by the World Wide Web (WWW), and allows 
communications between linked computers all over the world. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions a web server and browser should take in response to various commands 
Tell me about the fault tolerant feature of a computer? 
Some computers are designed in such a way that if any one of their 
component is disable the working of entire system don't affect like in 
mainframe and in servers. This property of computer is called fault tolerance feature 
What is plotter? 
The device used to draw charts, diagrams, and other line-based graphics. 
Plotters use either pens or electrostatic charges and toner (Powdered pigment that is used in office copiers and in laser, LED, and LCD printers. Pen 
plotters draw on paper or transparencies with one or more colored pens. 
Electrostatic plotters "draw" a pattern on electro statically charged dots on 
the paper and then apply toner and fuse it in place. Plotters use three basic 
types of paper handling: flatbed, drum, and pinch roller. Flatbed plotters 
hold the paper still and move the pen along both x and y axes. Drum plotters roll the paper over a cylinder. The pen moves along one axis while the drum, with the paper attached, moves along the other. Pinch-roller plotters are a 
hybrid of the two, in which the pen moves only along one axis while the 
paper is moved back and forth by small rollers. 

What is the main difference between VCD and DVD? 

DVD (digital versatile disc) is an optical disc technology that is expected to 
rapidly replace the CD-ROM disc (as well as the audio compact disc) over 
the next few years. The digital versatile disc (DVD) holds 4.7 gigabyte of 
information on one of its two sides, or enough for a 133-minute movie. VCD 
(also called video CD, video compact disc or "disc") is a compact disk 
format based on CD-ROM XA that is specifically designed to hold MPEG-1 
video data. VCD resolution is far short of the resolution of DVD. Each VCD 
disk holds 72-74 minutes of video and has a data transfer rate of 1.44 Mbps. 

What are Embeded Computers? Do they have all the parts of hardware that normal PCs have? 
Embedded Computers are infact small chips which are programmed to do some specific task like Microprocessor of a PC. Examples include SIMs of Mobile sets,chips in machines of daily life usage etc.These dont contain all those parts that a simple PC has. 
what is the purpose of transistor? 
The transistor, invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A 
transistor regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals 
What is the true definition of Computer.Is computer a device or an electronic machine? 
A lot of definitions are there for computers. Here are some simple 
definitions. 1)A device that accepts data, processes the data in accordance 
with a stored program, generates results, and usually consists of input, 
output, storage, arithmetic, logic, and control units. 2) A functional unit that 
can perform substantial computation, including numerous arithmetic 
operations or logic operations, without human intervention during a run. 
Please explain the Turning Machine in a bit detail. How did it play part in evolution of computer 
It was introduced by Alan Turing in 1936, Turing machines are one of the 
key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what 
computers can and cannot do. A Turing machine is a particularly simple 
kind of computer, one whose operations are limited to reading and writing 
symbols on a tape, or moving along the tape to the left or right. The tape is 
marked off into squares, each of which can be filled with at most one 
symbol. At any given point in its operation, the Turing machine can only 

read or write on one of these squares, the square located directly below its "read/write" head. 

What is the difference b/w network and internet? 
Two or more computers connected to communicate with each other form a 
network. The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide 
system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any 
one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other 
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). 
Describe the Domain, Domain name & Protocol. 
In general, a domain is an area of control or a sphere of knowledge. 2) On 
the Internet, a domain consists of a set of network addresses. This domain is 
organized in levels. The top level identifies geographic or purpose 
commonality (for example, the nation that the domain covers or a category 
such as "commercial"). The second level identifies a unique place within the 
top level domain and is, in fact, equivalent to a unique address on the 
Internet (an IP address). Lower levels of domain may also be used. 3) 
Protocols are the set of rules followed by the computers during 
communication 

What is the different between HYPERLINK and HYPER MEDIA? 
Essentially, hypermedia is the modern extension of hypertext, the 
hyperlinked, text-based documents of the original Internet. Hypermedia attempts to offer a working and learning environment that parallels human thinking—that is, one in which the user can make associations between topics, rather than move sequentially from one to the next, as in an 
alphabetic list. An image or portion of text on a Web page that is linked to another Web page, either on the same site or in another Web site is called Hyperlink. via email means through email. 
What is URL? 
When a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in a browser, he/she 
is sending an HTTP command to the web server directing it to retrieve and 
transmit the requested document. A URL is the global address of a web site. 
The first part of the address (i.e., http://) indicates which protocol is to be 
used. The second part specifies the IP address (i.e., http://www.ectag.org), 
which identifies the unique server assigned to the domain name (URL). The 
final part tells the server where the document or resource is located on the 
server. 

What is working of Firewire in computing? 
With more than 30 times the bandwidth of the popular USB 1.1 peripheral 
standard, FireWire 400 has been the gold standard for high-speed data 
transfer. Apple was the first computer manufacturer to include Fire Wire 
across its entire product line. And now Apple has upped the ante yet again, 
effectively doubling data throughput with its implementation of the IEEE 
1394b standard, FireWire 800, available on the 17-inch PowerBook G4 and 
the Power Mac G4. FireWire is a way to connect different pieces of 
equipment so they can easily and quickly share information. FireWire is 
very similar to Universal Serial Bus (USB). The designers of FireWire, 
which actually precedes the development of USB, had several particular 
goals in mind when they created the standard: Fast transfer of data (up to 
400 Mbps) Lots of devices on the bus Ease of use Hot pluggable Provide 
power through the cable Plug-and-play Low cabling cost Low 
implementation cost 
How much the storage capacity of a punch card has? 
The punch cards used for the storage of data of different type and there 
storage capacity is different with respect to the kind of data store in them the normally store capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits used to hold variables and results. 
What is the difference between "Internet & Intranet"? 
An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in 
the wide area network. The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and computing resources among employees. An intranet can 
also be used to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences. The vast collection of inter-connected networks that all use the TCP/IP protocols - a 
network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have 
permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk 
directly to users at other computers) 
What is the use of Java applets in World Wide Web? 
Java Applets are objects which are developed in Java and then embedded in HTML page and they are downloaded on Client machine. Applets can be 
used to some animation or some other processing to avoid congestion in 
network traffic. 

What about machine cycle? 
Machine cycle is a set of four basic operations repeated by the control unit 1. fetching an instruction 2. decoding the instruction 3. executing the 
instruction and if necessary 4. storing the result. The time it takes to fetch is 
called instruction time, or f-time, and the time it take to decode and execute 
is called execution time or E-time. Adding together f-time and E-time gives 
the total time required for a machine cycle. The machine cycle is also called 
the instruction cycle. 

What is Reduced Instruction Set Computing(RISC)? 
Acronym for reduced instruction set computers. A microprocessor design 
that focuses on rapid and efficient processing of a relatively small set of 
simple instructions that comprises most of the instructions a computer 
decodes and executes. RISC architecture optimizes each of these instructions so that it can be carried out very rapidly—usually within a single clock 
cycle. RISC chips thus execute simple instructions more quickly than 
general-purpose CISC (complex instruction set computers) microprocessors, 
which are designed to handle a much wider array of instructions. They are, 
however, slower than CISC chips at executing complex instructions, which 
must be broken down into many machine instructions that RISC 
microprocessors can perform. 
Diffirence Between Fragmentation and Defragmentatoin? 
In fragmentation parts of a file that have become fragmented through 
rewriting and updating. A defragger physically restores the file to contiguous sectors on a hard disk to speed up access as much as 75 percent. This is also called process of defragmentation or "defragging;" 

What is the distinguish between Parallel Tracks and Diagnol Tracks ? 
A tape storage scheme that places data on more than one separate parallel 
tracks on 1/2-inch reel-to-reel magnetic tape. This is an old recording format 
used with computers that transfer data six bits at a time. Data is recorded as 
6 data bits and 1 parity bit (An extra bit used in checking for errors in groups 
of data bits transferred within or between computer systems.). Some 
personal computers now use the 9-track tape storage scheme. Diagonal is 
one of numerous circular data storage areas on a floppy disk or a hard drive, 
comparable to a groove on a record but not spiral. Tracks, composed of 
sectors, are recorded on a disk by an operating system during a disk format 
operation. 

Explain the Diffirence between Transactional Processing and Real Time Processing 
Real time processing that process information at the same rate as they 
receive data, enabling them to direct or control a process. Transaction 
processing is a processing method in which transactions are executed 
immediately after they are received by the system. Transanction processing and real time processing is almost the same thing. 
what is Micro-Controller? 
A microcontroller is a complete computer on a chip but it does not contain large amounts of memory. They have their own processor and low memory. Microcontrollers are used in video games, videocassette recorders (VCRs), and automobiles. 
What is the purpose of attribute "Action" in "Form" Tag ? 
The “Action” attribute specify the file that takes action against the form 
submission. Infact the value of "Action" attribute in "Form" tag is always a URL(Uniform Resource Locator). This URL represents path of that file 
which has to take some action when u submit your form. For example, When u fill ur form for email address on free email services ( like Yahoo or 
Hotmail ) , and press "submit" button,u r given error if u have missed any field and congratulated if u have done well, that all validation is done by that file whose URL is given in that form's Action attribute. 

What is difference b/w JavaScript,JScript and HTML ? 
JavaScript is a platform-independent, event-driven, interpreted programming 
language developed by Netscape Communications Corp. and Sun 
Microsystems.JavaScript is useful for adding interactivity to the World Wide 
Web because scripts can be embedded in HTML files (i.e., web pages) 
simply by enclosing code in a tag pair. All modern browsers can interpret 
JavaScript -- albeit with some irritating caveats. (More about them 
below.).In practice, JavaScript is a fairly universal extension to HTML that 
can enhance the user experience through event handling and client-side 
execution, while extending a web developer's control over the client's 
browser. JScript is approx. same except it is from Microsoft Corporation. 
HTML stands for the HyperText Markup Language. HTML is the major 
language of the Internet's World Wide Web. Web sites and web pages are 
written in HTML. With HTML and the world wide web, you have the ability 
to bring together text, pictures, sounds, and links... all in one place! HTML 

files are plain text files, so they can be composed and edited on any type of computer... Windows, Mac, UNIX, whatever. 

What are Literals ? 
Literals are simply literally-written things, like a number or a string of 
characters. Numbers are, in turn, treated as either integers (1,2,3, ....) or real 
(12.3, 5.21e23, ....) depending on how they are written. Strings, or String 
literals are surrounded by quotation marks (either single quotes or double 
quotes). For example Example:: In example, x=12345 12345 is literal 
(integer) In eg, x=12.43 12.43 is literal (real) In eg, Var x = y*5.21e4 5.21e4 is literal (real) In eg , var string ='that' "that" is literal String In eg, var 
answer = true; true is literal Boolean For string literals, you need special 
sequences to type to enter things like carriage returns, tabs, etc. These are 
listed in a separate document. 

Why we use micro-controller instead of microprocessor? 
The Micro-controllers are designed to perform some specific tasks. Unlike 
microprocessors they cannot operate independently because they do not have RAM of their own. Micro-controllers are embedded as part of various 
devices/equipment e.g. Micro Wave Ovens, Televisions, Air conditioners, security systems etc. Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that has three major portions: 1) Arithmetic Unit 2) Control Unit 3) Data Bus/Registers and is capable of performing tasks independently. 

What is a word processor? 
A program used to create, format, modify, save for later use and print 
documents. The key advantage of word processor is its ability to make 
changes easily, such as correcting spelling, changing margins, or adding, 
deleting, and relocating entire blocks of text. Once created, the document 
can be printed quickly and accurately and saved for later modifications 
Why Internet Explorer & Netscape Navigator are available for free? 
Initially Netscape Navigator was not free but ever since the Internet Explorer 
was launched by Microsoft, it is provided free with different products like 
Windows , MSOffice etc. forcing manufacturers of Netscape to distribute it 
free of cost. This was also a strategic move to break the market of Netscape 
Navigator. While Netscape was maturer in technology as well as stable in 
performance but due to free availability, the Internet Explorer gained a lot of 
popularity. 

How do I know that my email has been received? 
When using any email client to send and receive email messages, there is an 
option, which is used to have confirmation of email delivery/reading. That is 
when the user receives the email, a confirmation mail is sent back to the 
sender. Certain other email clients can also be configured to send a message 
even when the message is displayed on the screen of the recepient's 
computer. 
Why Multiple processors are used in Super Computers? 
One very powerful processor is a lot more expensive than thousands of small processors. Multiple processors running in parallel can perform tasks as 
efficiently as the single most powerful chip available, but at a lot less cost. Hence it is very economical to use multiple smaller processors working in parallel than a single powerful processor in supercomputers 

What is the Capacity of Cache memory? 
There are two types of cache. Internal & external. The capacity of internal as well as external cache varies from processor to processor i.e. Intel P-III 1 GHz has cache memory of size 512 KB and Intel Celeron 1GHz processor has cache memory varying from 128 to 256 KB. 

Classify the different types of memory. 
Main memory (usually RAM: Random Access Memory) 2. ROM (Read 
Only Memory used to hold BIOS (Basic Input Output System)) 3. Cache 
Memory (on both board & processor) 4. Virtual memory(RAM on disk) 
(Note: Keep the difference between memory and storage in mind.) 

What is Virtual memory? 
A part of disk storage can be made to behave like RAM. This is known as 
Virtual Memory. When a file or program is too big for the computer to work with in its memory, part of the data is stored on disk. This virtual storage is divided into segments called pages; each page is correlated with a location in physical memory, or RAM. When a page, which is not currently in the main memory, is referenced, it is swapped into memory and is sent back to disk when other pages must be called and loaded into main memory in place of the old one. The program runs as if all the data is in memory. 
What is Bus? 
A set of conductors, which connect the functional units in a computer. It is called a bus because it travels to all destinations (Actually it is like a 

network of connected roads used by data to travel from one part to another). 
There are local buses that connect elements within the CPU and buses which 
connect the computer to external memory and peripherals. The bus width 
determines the speed of data transmission. Most personal computers use 32-
bit buses both internally and externally. Internal buses are configured in 
parallel; there are also serial busses between computers in networks 
(usually). 
What is Batch Processing Computer System? 
A system that takes a set (a "batch") of commands or jobs, executes them and returns the results, all without human intervention. This contrasts with an interactive system where the user's commands and the computer's 
responses are interleaved during a single run. 
What is hardware? 
Everything in a computing environment that has physical attributes, like, it carries weight, has definite shape and is touchable, is called hardware. e.g. Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, printer, mouse etc. are all hardware. 
After the successfull completion of this course, will I be able to make my own Web pages and host them on the net ? 
Yes after the completion of this course student will be able to make simple static web pages and host them on the net